Ceramics, a tumultuous history

are the ancient Han traditional porcelain making skills. It started in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty and has a history of nearly 600 years. The main techniques of ceramic decoration are gold carving, color spraying, and in-glaze color, etc., forming a unique style of chinaware ceramic. According to the 'Lanzhou Chronicles' written in the Qing Dynasty, the 'Lanzhou Chronicles' was written in the customs chapter: 'Only the multi-cylinder kiln could make pottery in the genus of the pottery in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty.' At that time, there was only stoneware. There was stoneware at the end of Qing Dynasty, and then slightly fine porcelain was produced. Varieties: There are more than 500 kinds of daily fine porcelain and furnishings such as white porcelin dinnerware, tea sets, wine sets, bottles, plates, etc. The porcelain production began in the early years of the Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Yongle, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty (1404), immigrants from Shanxi, Shandong and other places brought cylinder-making technology and started the production of coarse porcelain, but the development was slow. In the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty (around 1840), there were only more than ten ceramic handicraft workshops and more than a hundred workers. It was not until the Guangxu period of the late Qing Dynasty that white porcelain white porcelin dinnerware and fine porcelain were made. The earliest ceramic utensils made in the hand workshop were the Tian family and the Fan family. The ancestors of the two families Tian and Fan lived in Jiexiu, Shanxi. They moved to Heyanzhuang, Kaiping Town, Luanzhou City in the second year of Yongle, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. The two formerly knew crock-making technology. After moving to Heyanzhuang, they saw that there was a large amount of pottery clay for crock-making and coal deposits as raw materials, so they burned bricks and built kilns separately, and made crocks and basins after farming. And other coarse porcelain products belong to the family workshop. From now on, this place will be the famous jar kiln, and after Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, it will be named as the western jar kiln. In the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, Tianjia Kiln began to produce white porcelain with clay. In the late Guangxu years, Tian Jia Tian Hequn made breakthrough achievements and produced the earliest fine porcelain utensils. Tianjiayao has left a shining page in the history of ceramics development, representing the beginning of a new stage of ceramic technology. Following the establishment of the Tian Family and Fanjiayao, the Taocheng Bureau established by the Qin family is the most famous. Qin Jiaming settled in Heyanzhuang, Kaiping Town, Luanzhou in the second year of Yongle, the ancestor of Ming Dynasty, and then the place was named Qinzhuang (now Donggang kiln). Later, the Chang family who moved to would make jars and basins, so the Qin family invested and hired the Chang family to set up a kiln factory, which became known as the Taocheng Bureau. The Kaiping Mining Bureau that emerged during the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty brought business opportunities to the Taocheng Bureau. The Kaiping Mining Bureau was built in the 4th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1878). It needed solid and durable clinker bricks to dig a mine, so Qin Luan, the director of the Taocheng Bureau, was hired to design the contract. Qin Lv'an seized the opportunity to burn out the clinker bricks for mines, and then set up clinker yards in Guye, Linxi and other places, and the output surged. At the same time, it supplies clinker bricks and refractory bricks required by Tianjin Beiyang Machinery Bureau Dagu Shipyard, and its production scale is continuously expanding. Later, it imitated various fine porcelains and became a large-scale capitalist ceramic factory. After Qin Lu'an, Taocheng Bureau changed its name to Lao Taocheng, and was reorganized into Xinming Factory in 1920. In 1928, it produced daily-use transparent and colorful white porcelain. In 1930, Qin Youlin, the grandson of Qin Lv'an, purchased land next to the Haishen Temple on the northern slope of Ercheng Mountain and built Desheng Ceramic Factory. It was the first to replace diesel engines with electric motors to produce daily fine porcelain and sanitary porcelain, and became the first household in the ceramic industry. . The Qin family has played a pivotal role in the ceramic industry for several generations. The old Taocheng (Xinming Factory), Dong Taocheng, and Desheng three factories, which were split from Taocheng Bureau, gradually developed into three major porcelain factories with strong capital and good management. In 1921, Li Ximing, the general manager of the factory of Qixin Cement Company, used the idle space in the factory to build a porcelain factory. The ceramic products produced were called 'cement porcelain.' Due to poor management, it was sub-leased to German engineer Hans Kund in January 1925 and named Qixin Factory. Qixin Factory introduced equipment from Germany. It was the first factory in my country to introduce ceramic equipment. It was the first to use machinery to produce chinaware ceramic, which changed the situation of manual ceramic production for thousands of years. In 1925, Qixin Factory produced China's first sanitary chinaware ceramic using some domestic raw materials for the first time, which was also a pioneering work in industrial history. In 1927, the factory became the first ceramic enterprise in my country to produce colored tiles. Qixin Factory is a modern industry that adopts machine production. It implements the management methods of western modern industry and provides a reference for the ceramic industry of hand-workshop style. From the 1920s to the early 1930s, there was a period of prosperity in the ceramic industry. In 1931, there were about 60 ceramic factories. Ceramic products have won domestic awards 3 times, so they have the reputation of 'Northern Jingdezhen'. Kailuan Coal Mine, Railway Factory, Qixin Cement Company, Huaxin Textile Factory, Power Plant, Steel Factory, plus two ceramic factories, Qixin Factory and Desheng Factory, are known as the 'eight factories and mines'. During the period of Japanese occupation and the rule of the Kuomintang reactionaries in the ceramic industry, production shrank. After liberation in December 1948, the People's Government provided support and assistance. In 1956, the city's ceramic industry realized a public-private partnership for the whole industry. By 1966, it has been initially established to integrate architectural and sanitary porcelain, daily (export) fine porcelain, daily coarse porcelain, industrial physical and chemical porcelain, high and low voltage electric porcelain, art furnishing porcelain, and stone powder, decals, and machinery related to the ceramic industry. A relatively complete ceramic industry system.

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