Analysis of the characteristics of on-glaze, in-glaze and under-glaze decoration of daily ceramic tableware

The decorative craftsmanship for the appearance of daily-use ceramic white porcelin dinnerware is currently mainly low-temperature over-glaze and medium-temperature in-glaze, and a small amount of high-temperature under-glaze. Each of these three decorative papers has its advantages and disadvantages: The baking temperature of the overglaze colorful paper is generally 750～850℃. Because the baking temperature is low, the color is the richest and the most vivid. The pattern of the overglaze paper can be made more delicate and the effect is lifelike. The process has been very mature after long-term use in China and is relatively easy to master. However, due to the low firing temperature of the overglaze colored paper, it does not reach the melting temperature of the glaze layer, and the pigments cannot sink into the glaze layer, but just stick to the surface of the glaze layer, that is, the decorative pigments and glaze cannot form a joint on the painted surface of the ceramic tableware. The layer is very thin, dense glass layer, which causes lead and cadmium in the pigment to be easily eluted from the pigment, leading to excessive lead and cadmium leaching. Under normal circumstances, the dissolution of lead and cadmium from on-glaze ceramic tableware products can meet the national standard (GB12651-2003). In-glaze colored paper, also known as high-temperature fast-burning paper, has a firing temperature range of 1050℃～1250℃, and the color is not rich enough compared with overglaze. This kind of decoration is characterized by the fusion of colors in the glaze, good wear resistance, high surface brightness, and high-grade products; because it is necessary to select high-quality ceramic tableware for decal paste, the finished rate of color baking is high. Because the in-glaze color paper adopts the high-temperature fast firing process, the cost is relatively high. This process has been popularized and applied in the country for a short time, about 10-15 years. There are still certain technical difficulties, and the requirements for porcelain tableware, kilns, and decorative paper are relatively strict. In this process, the pigment and the glaze are sintered at the same temperature or close to the temperature. The baking temperature is higher (>1100℃). The mixed melting point of the glaze is lower than the mixed melting point of the pigment. The pigment is penetrated, deposited, and fused in the glaze. After cooling, the glaze layer and the pigment on the surface of the product melt into a whole and form a dense glass layer. The lead component in the pigment is 'wrapped' by the glaze and is not easily dissolved out. The lead and cadmium dissolution test results generally meet the requirements of FDA standards and California standards. Underglaze color refers to the use of underglaze color pigments or decals made of it, after color decoration on the surface of the unfired and unfired green body, then a layer of transparent glaze is covered on it, and it is fired at a high temperature A ceramic tableware decorated with glaze. The baking temperature of underglaze colored paper is generally above 1280℃. Because of the high baking temperature, the color is the least abundant among the three decoration methods. Because the decorative paper and ceramic tableware are fired together at a high temperature, no secondary baking is required, so the cost of underglaze decoration is the lowest. Because of the high firing temperature, color diffusion is easy to occur, and it is difficult to decorate fine patterns, so the general patterns of underglaze decoration are relatively simple. In the underglaze decoration, the pigment is completely covered or covered by the glaze, and the surface of the product is bright and smooth, without unevenness, so the decorative pattern has the best abrasion resistance, and the lead in the pigment is difficult to be 4% (V/V) acetic acid Dissolution, lead and cadmium dissolution test results are the lowest. Generally speaking, the dissolution amount of lead and cadmium in underglaze and in-glaze decoration is relatively low, while the amount of lead and cadmium in overglaze decoration is relatively slightly higher. Under-glaze decoration is limited by colors and patterns, and will certainly not become the mainstream of daily ceramic tableware decoration. In-glaze decoration has three limitations: high cost, lack of color, and high technical difficulty. Therefore, lead-free on-glaze decoration is the main development direction of daily ceramic tableware decal decoration.

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