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Black hole is one of the most shy but gorgeous characters on the universe stage.
They consume matter so greedily that violence can ignite a bright beacon known as a star, bright enough to illuminate the entire galaxy.
However, the black holes themselves are also the ultimate unseen things because they prevent light from escaping or even rebounding.
Astronomers have now made plans to collect an image of something almost as good: the outline of a black hole.
They will do it with a virtual telescope that spans the globe, electronically connecting dozens of smaller instruments at the Observatory, which normally operates independently.
The amplification capability of the new array will exceed that of any telescope or array at present.
Waiting for two goals: the monster black hole, the galaxy of the Sun and Earth, which is thought to be located in the center of the Galaxy, has a larger black hole at the core of the distant galaxy.
Avi Loeb said: "If we get the first picture of the black hole outline, it will be on the cover of the textbook next year," a team member who promoted the ideas and heads of the Harvard Institute of Theory and Computing-
Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
Loeb's close collaborator, Avery Broderick, has been working on black holes and extreme gravitational fields since he started studying at Stony Brook University in New York and the California Institute of Technology.
Now at the Canadian Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics in Toronto, he sees a rare opportunity to increase observations in almost all theoretical fields.
"It is essential to show that black holes do exist in essence," Broderick said . ".
"We don't know they will.
It has become so common to talk about them.
Their existence is the simplest assumption.
We can't test it, so we internalize it into fact.
The shadow of a black hole looks like a bull. eyes in space.
The dark around each circle will be a bright thin ring of radiation-
A group of photons captured briefly in orbit around the black hole itself.
Burn further, distorted by light
The curved nature of time and space near black holes will be a huge, billion-
Plus the degree of internal friction heating plasma, because its particles rotate and push at high speed.
The flashes and flashes of the plasma should provide an answer to how black holes consume this white mystery
A hot, flat vortex of matter known as a accumulation disk.
If the expectation is realistic, the source of the plasma will be the hot inner edge of the disk, which is the most stable circular orbit of the substance.
At this point, atoms and particles inevitably fall to the point of no return: the actual edge of a black hole, which physicists call the event horizon.
The eyes of scientists should be wide open.
The mystery was discussed.
What is the process of the distorted magnetic field captured in this maelstroms to expel partially broken stars, planets in a powerful jet? Dust and gas are drawn into the hands of black holes, which will even see extreme gravity at work, as theory suggests --
Several hundred to several hundred thousand times heavier than the Earth's surface, slowing down time and distorting space so that even photons can orbit black holes --
Humans may see behaviors that do not obey the predictions of general relativity.
This will mark the first rebuttal of Einstein's theory and will provide guidance for a more complete and real law of the universe.
The organization gave its dream machine a name: The Event Horizon Telescope.
I hope to put it into use in about 2020 of the time.
Sheperd Doeleman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's drystack Observatory said: "It only costs tens of millions of dollars, not much at all . ".
Doeleman and his 22 colleagues sent a white paper to the National Research Council committee last year, as part of the ten-year review, which set out priorities for public astronomy funding.
Prices have changed little compared to billions of dollars in space telescopes and hundreds of millions of dollars in large ground-based conventional equipment.
On August, the Event Horizon Telescope was included by the review committee in a list of smaller but valuable items.
This does not guarantee any or all of the costs offered by federal agencies and Congress, but so far this is fine.
The money, the project is expected to become the highest resolution in the history of the project.
It will enable distant objects to focus 5,000 times more clearly than the Hubble Space Telescope.
The manufacturers of telescopes have two basic ways to get a very clear focus so that small details can be seen far away: make the telescope wider (or make the distance between the instruments that make up the whole equipment more) or shorten the wavelength of its work.
Better yet, do both.
Astronomers propose a telescope plan to use the entire Earth as a platform.
Thanks to a lucky breakthrough, a particular type of telescope that has spread widely on Earth can operate at the right wavelength --from 0. 8 to 1. 3 millimeters —
Between far infrared and microwave regions.
This narrow radiation window can not only provide the focus power required for this size telescope, but also shine the brightest in the places around the black hole.
The Earth's summit and mesas where the observatory is located are high enough that the selected wavelength can be reached before the atmospheric water vapor absorbs and distorts them.
Therefore, combining various factors, astronomers have actually mastered the components needed to study the region in detail, which is so close to a black hole that its shadow becomes visible.
"When nature has given us so many gifts, every gift is a very small probability, and we should accept it gratefully and try to make the most of it," Loeb said . ".
Doeleman and the team have published data in the basic form of the telescope array in the 2008 issue of Nature, and its instruments work together in a process called VLBI, which is
This work confirms a signal at the core of the galaxy, known as Sagittarius a *, marking the position of an object that packs the mass of its 4 million sun in such a small volume, that traditional physics says it must be a black hole.
But there is not enough detail to confirm directly that the object is a black hole.
For the preliminary system, the team will be from 10-
The rice telescope disk is in the White Mountains of eastern California with 15-
James Kohler Maxwell Telescope and another 10-
The meter of Mount Graham, Arizona.
In the next stage, in order to prove that the object is a black hole, a sharp rotation around the middle shadow will be directly caught.
To do this, the team at Doeleman envisioned up to 100 metal dishes working together.
Each one is like a huge silver satellite TV receiver.
Some are single units 50 metres wide.
The other is that they are distributed in high-
Altitude area.
They synchronize beautifully on different continents, turning for hours or even days, collecting photons from the center of the rotation of the Milky Way.
The planned increase is mainly in the ALMA, the Large Millimeter Array of Atacama, with 64 plates, 12 m each, and is now deployed in the high Atacama Desert of Chile.
One of the world's largest new observatory, with the support of an international consortium, Alma will provide a strong signal to integrate data from other distant instruments as orchestra directors.
There's another 50 on the list-
Instruments in Mexico, 30-
Spanish rice dishes, set of 6 15-
Instrument detectors in the French Alps, other French and German installations in the Atacama Desert, 10-
Electricity meters in the United StatesS.
Antarctic and other stations
To fill the gap, more stations can be promoted in Africa, New Zealand and even the Himalayas.
New devices must be installed on each disk or array to process a large amount of data.
There is only one observation session per site, generating 1 gigabytes of data per second, or about 22 megabytes per day.
Within three years, the group expects seven stations to receive more than 700 MB over five years
The day's event is almost 10 times the amount of information in the Digital Library of Congress.
With the launch of Chile's ALMA array, data demand for each event will surge to 6,000 tb.
Unimaginable connections from remote mountaintops allow real-time telemetry of such rapids.
Astronomers pull physics eight-
Package the cartridge of the disk drive from the data logger.
"We will mail them," said Doeleman . ".
"You can't get more than 747 of the hard drive bandwidth.
"The plane will ship these drives to Logan Airport in Boston for processing at the drypile Observatory.
To receive signals from multiple instruments, each instrument changes the distance from the source as the Earth rotates, and mixes the signals together as if they all hit a receiver
The hydrogen maser clock for each station will place a timing scale on the disk drive, with the accuracy losing or increasing less than one in ten billion seconds per day.
The other end of the data stream will be the black hole itself.
Sgr A * (pronounced Sadge-
If the theory is correct, the star has an event horizon of about 24 million kilometers in diameter --
Small enough to run in Mercury's solar orbit.
About 26,000 light
A few years ago, the position of the black hole in the sky was about 20 microseconds, about a part of a circle of 10 billion, or the apparent size of a golf ball seen from Earth, alan Sheppard was hit and left on the Moon on 1971.
The innermost stable circular orbit around the black hole, the bright and glowing edge of the accumulation disk, will be about three times wider.
Focus power of the telescope: about 20 microseconds.
It looks a bit rough, but the designers of the telescope are counting on a huge breakthrough from general relativity.
Light does not come out directly from the accumulation disk of Sgr A *, but will bend with the powerful gravity twisting time and space.
So while the black spots that the telescope array will see are real, astronomers do not expect most of the light near it to reach Earth in a straight line.
Most people who arrive here will appear behind the black hole, swing around the black hole, and bend toward the Earth.
The result is a gravitational lens.
The illusion will make the black hole profile look more than twice as large as it actually is.
A specific return to seeing the Sgr A * accumulation disk should be to measure the spin of A black hole more precisely, which may have A profound relativity effect on the geometry of the space and the flow of time nearby.
Astronomers already know that light and other radiation outputs from Sgr A * may change rapidly, suggesting an explosion and flash of energy release, presumably as the junction of matter moves towards the interior of the accumulation disk.
The spin of the black hole changes the distance of the matter in a stable orbit by twisting the nearby space during the so-called frame drag.
By revealing these orbitals, the Event Horizon Telescope can know what the spin or momentum of a black hole is.
In the case of zero spin, the nearest stable orbit should have about half an hour
Although if the black hole has its largest allowed rotation, the hot spot can race around it in four minutes.
Many other black holes are closer than Sgr.
But all of them are leftovers from the collapse, individual stars, too tiny --
About 30 kilometers-
Even the new telescope will be seen.
Far beyond the Milky Way, however, a giant black hole seems to be ripe for inspection.
It is in the center of the M87 galaxy, a group of stars with more than 50 million light --years away —
It's about 2,000 times more than Sgr.
The core of the M87 emits a powerful mass and radiation, a spray that can extend thousands of beams of light --years.
It can be seen that it only moves in one direction, just as a rocket seems to push the entire black hole slightly away from the dead center.
This spectacular scene makes it a natural laboratory for studying black hole physics.
One of the main hopes is to understand how some matter and energy close to the equator turn 90 degrees and shoot out from the pole of the system at a speed close to the speed of light.
According to the speed of the gas cloud near the m87 core, 1990-year-old astronomers believe that its mass is about 3 billion suns, 750 times that of Sgr.
This is enough to make it one of the largest known black holes.
Last year, Karl Gebhardt of the University of Texas at Austin and a German colleague considered the effects of invisible dark matter around the galaxy.
The team reported at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in June 2009 that the quality of the m87 core is more likely to reach an astonishing 6.
4 billion Sun, 1,000 times that of Sgr.
The event horizon diameter of the M87 intermediate black hole will also be larger accordingly --
Maybe twice as long as Pluto is from the sun.
The number of nodes materials running around the Sgr A * may be circled every hour or less.
In contrast, visible changes around the massive m87 black hole can take days to weeks to occur, allowing for more leisurely and detailed research.
Some scientists are already looking for time for new instruments.
Among them are Dimitrios Psaltis, an astronomical physicist at the University of Arizona in Tucson, and Tim Johannsen, a graduate student.
They want to see photons.
Particles of light
They go into orbit around the black hole, then eventually spray into space, throwing matter into the event horizon.
The exact shape of the Halo generated around the black hole shadow should allow to examine a strange meaning of Einstein's general relativity: no-hair theorem.
The appearance of the ring may tell science that Einstein corrected the mistake again --or not. The no-
The hair theorem states that a black hole can be completely described in the outer universe, no matter what enters it, its mass and accumulated momentum, or spin, everything it absorbs.
(Technically, it may also have a charge, but physicists believe that it is impossible for a big black hole to accumulate a large amount of net charge from galactic gas and dust.
) "No hair" means that there is nothing else outside the event horizon, whether it is material or force field.
Spin and mass mean a specific twist of space and time
In turn, define what should be the radius of the halo around the black hole, and how the appearance of the ring will warp to the external view.
If the ring looks exactly the same as Einstein's theory
When one corrects the distortion of the size near the black hole, it is almost completely circular and only affected by the mass and spin of the black hole --
Then General relativity will continue its victory.
If not, "said Psaltis," we will have exciting things to consider.
When asked if he really wanted to refute Einstein, he paused.
"General relativity has passed all the tests.
But only in weak fields, such as near the sun.
To some extent, everyone thinks Einstein must be incorrect.
His theory is that everything crashes to zero inside a black hole.
When it comes to quantum mechanics, he said: "Other physics theories think this is incorrect.
Things are obviously wrong.
There is something that must be given way.
"In black holes, fields are not the same as anywhere else.
As we know, this is a turning point in physics.